At first, this talk will present a high-level overview of the path from an idea to a pill in the pharmacy. After presenting the basics of the discovery and development process, the talk will focus on three key aspects and critically assess the current developments:

(1) Like in many industries today, AI applications are introduced at multiple levels and for various purposes within the drug discovery and development continuum. Often, a lot of hope and promise are placed in AI-based technologies to accelerate the R&D process and identify new therapeutic approaches. And indeed, there are many highly useful examples, such as the automation of image analysis in research, which replaces repetitive tasks and hence frees up a lot of time for researchers to do actual research. However, there are also many applications that are misguided, because they aim to increase overall productivity by cutting corners—such as the use of LLMs to summarize huge amounts of very complex and heterogeneous scientific data. In addition, AI poses the risk of diffusing responsibility and perpetuating existing biases. Moreover, AI is often employed in an IT environment with questionable data security and ownership practices, such as the storage of sensitive research data on third-party cloud platforms. (2) At one point, the development of any drug faces a critical moment in the development process: the translation of findings from a test tube (or Petri dish) to the human body. This so-called “translational gap” is usually addressed through animal models and experimentation on lab animals. However, findings in mice do not necessarily reflect the effects in human patients. In addition, there are numerous ethical concerns regarding the use of other species for the benefit of the human race. Technological advancements are now leading to novel, cutting-edge model systems such as organs-on-chips. The replication of entire artificial organ systems on chips renders (some) animal experiments obsolete. With further technological progress, this approach could potentially replace animal experimentation altogether in the future. However, this development also carries the risk of using technology as a way to avoid confronting the fundamental ethical issues surrounding animal research. (3) The entire biotech and pharmaceutical industry is facing the challenge that the era of blockbuster drugs might be over. Until now, the overwhelming majority of drugs have been developed to treat large patient populations, which represent a considerable market and ultimately ensure a return of investment. But today, most common diseases can already be treated, often with drugs that are not protected by patents anymore. Consequently, the focus of drug discovery and development is shifting toward more heterogeneous and rare diseases. This transformation is known as precision or personalized medicine. However, this paradigm shift means that patient populations and thus markets are becoming much smaller, posing a threat to the revenue strategies of current business models in the pharma industry. Unsurprisingly, it is often more lucrative to keep modifying existing blockbusters in order to obtain new intellectual property rights and retain market dominance. The obvious downside is a decline in innovation. Nonetheless, personalized medicine challenges the current modus operandi of the entire drug discovery and development process.